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In the object-oriented concept, we know that all objects are represented by the class, but not all classes can be used to describe the object, if a class does not contain enough information to describe a specific object, Such a class should be defined as an abstract class.
Abstract class
Overview
For example, we have to describe the "animal", it has the age, volume, will be called, can run. But lacking enough traits (compared to a cat, a dog, they are all animals, they have their own characteristics), we do not have the only one can represent the animal thing (of course, this is relative to cats, dogs Say, in biology, the animal is still a way to define), then we can use abstract class to describe it. When we use a class to specifically describe the "cat", this class can inherit the "animal" the abstract class, and then be described in detail. Subclasses of abstract classes must implement abstract methods in abstract classes, such as running and calling in animal classes, in subclasses (cat classes, dogs) to achieve how they run, how to call. The abstract method has no method body and is decorated with abstract.
Here we introduce the system to abstract class:
Features
Abstract methods and abstract classes are represented by the keyword abstract.
B. Abstract classes can not be instantiated
C. Classes with abstract methods must be abstract classes (or interfaces); abstract classes do not necessarily have abstract methods.
D. If a class inherits an abstract class, then the class itself is either an abstract class, or the class overrides any abstract methods of the parent class.
use
Forcing subclasses to perform certain functions.
Member Features
A. Member variables - can have a member variable, you can also have a constant
B. constructor - a constructor for subclass access to the parent class, the parent class data to initialize.
C. Member methods - can have abstract methods, can also be related to non-abstract methods.
The abstract method is to ask the subclass to do something.
Ii. Non-abstract methods are subclassed to improve code reusability.
note:
Can not be final, private, static coexistence.
Abstract class (abstract class) is defined as follows:
Public abstract class AbstractClass / / There is at least one abstract method
{
Public int a; // Ordinary data members
// abstract methods, abstract class subclasses In the class must implement the abstract class abstract method
Public abstract void method2 ();
Public void method3 (); // Non-abstract method
Publicvoid method3 () {
... ... / / abstract class can be given to non-abstract method of the default behavior, that is, the specific realization of the method
}}
}}
interface
definition
Is a special abstract class. Than abstract class more abstract, because it inside the method is abstract.
format
Class class name The name of the interface
{
}}
Features
A. The interface can not be instantiated.
B. Interface method:
A) be overridden by subclasses
B) Either the subclass is also an abstract class.
Member Features
Member Variables - There are only constants in the interface.
Because the interface member variables have default modifiers. Recommendation: Always give their own modifier, public static final
Constructors - There are no constructors in the interface.
If any class does not inherit the parent class, then this class will inherit the Object class
Member methods - methods in the interface are abstract.
Because the member methods in the interface have default modifiers. Recommendation: always give their own modifier, public abstract
Thought characteristics:
1. Rules for External Exposure.
2. Function expansion of the program
3. Reduce coupling
4. Used to achieve more.
Interfaces are defined as follows:
Interface Interface
{
Public static final int i; / / interface can not have ordinary data members, can only have static data members can not be modified, static said the overall, final that can not be modified, you can not static final modification will be implicitly declared static And final, but the proposal is always given their own modifier public static final
/ / Interface method must be abstract method, it can not abstract, but it is recommended to always give their own modifier Public abstract
Public void method2 (); / / interface can not be given the default behavior of the method, that is not a specific method to achieve. (Note that abstract is omitted here.)
}}
Class zi implements Interface
{
Publicvoid method1 ()
{
... / / interface to the abstract method of rewriting
}}
Public void method2 ()
{
... ... / / Note that the abstract method is to rewrite all (the interface method is all abstract methods)
}}
}}
// In another case, the subclass is also an abstract class, and you can not override the methods in the interface
/ *
Abstract class zi implements Interface
{
Public abstract void method1 (); // No rewriting
Public void method2 () // Override method2 ()
{
System.out.println ( "Override method2 ()");
}}
}}
* /
Abstract class and interface contrast
Abstract class
interface
Member Features
Member variables
Variable, or constant
constant
The default modifier public static final
Construction method
Have
no
Member methods
Abstract methods or non-abstract methods
Abstract approach
The default modifier public abstract
design concept
idea
Is inherited, the definition of the inheritance system of common content
Is implemented, the definition of the expansion of the entire system content
reflect
Is a
Like a
Relationship characteristics
Classes and classes
Inheritance, only single inheritance, multi-layer inheritance
Classes and interfaces
Realize the relation, can realize alone, can also realize more. Can also inherit a class at the same time, to achieve multiple interfaces.
Interface and Interface
Inheritance, you can single inheritance, you can also inherit.
supplement:
Further understanding of Java on the introduction of abstract classes, the purpose of the interface, the degree of mother on the mother's reply is as follows:
1, from the class hierarchy point of view, abstract class is at the top of the hierarchy, but in the actual design, in general, abstract class should be the back will appear. why? In fact, the abstract class of access to a bit like mathematical extraction of public factors: ax + bx, x is the abstract class, if you do not have the previous formula, how do you know x is not the public factor? In this regard, but also in line with people's understanding of the world, the first concrete after the abstract. So in the design process if you get a lot of specific concepts and to find its common, the common set is abstract class should be right.
2, interface On the surface, and abstract class is very similar, but the usage is completely different. Its basic function is to put together some unrelated classes (concepts) together to form a new, centralized operation of the "new class." A typical example is the "driver". Who can be a driver? Anyone can, as long as the driver's license. So whether you are a student, white-collar, blue-collar or the boss, as long as there is driver's license is the driver.
Interface DriverLicence {
License getLicence ();
}}
Class StudentDriver extends Student implements DriverLicence
{
}}
Class WhtieCollarEmployeeDriver extends WhtieCollarEmployee implements DriverLicence
{
}}
Class BlueCollarEmployeeDriver extends BlueCollarEmployee implements DriverLicence
{
}}
Class BossDriver extends Boss implements DriverLicence
{
}}
When I define the "car" class, I can specify the "driver" of the.
Class Car {
SetDriver (DriverLicence driver);
}}
At this time, Car's object does not care about the driver in the end is doing, and their only common ground is to receive a driver's license (all achieved DriverLicence interface). This should be the most powerful interface is the abstract class can not be compared.
summary
Abstract class is to extract the specific type of public factors, and the interface is to unrelated classes "hash" into a common group, and therefore may be a little higher. The emergence of the two is to reduce the amount of code on the one hand, improve efficiency, on the other hand, take care of the previously mentioned inheritance and polymorphism, making the program in line with the characteristics of object-oriented thinking, closed on the amendment, to expand open. |
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